Posts Tagged ‘DNA’
Mitochondrial DNA Variation at Position 16189 and Diabetes
Mitochondrial DNA Variation at Position 16189 and Diabetes: Frequency Amongst South Eastern Kenyan Populations
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and Diabetes Mellitus, and mitochondrial mutations have been reported to be a cause of maternally inherited diabetes and some features of metabolic syndrome. A substitution of thymidine for cytosine (T?C) at nucleotide position 16189C of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) may be associated with insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. An analysis of subjects from five Asian countries confirmed an association between the 16189C variant and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. However, a meta-analysis of previous research on European subjects did not show an association between the 16189C variant and disease expression. Due to the inconsistency of the results between the studies in Asians and Europeans; we decided to investigate other ethnic populations. DNA was extracted from cheek swab samples collected from the Mijikenda and Taita groups of southeast Kenya. The Hypervariable Region I of the mtDNA, where the mutation is found, was sequenced. The mutation is found at low frequencies in these Kenyan populations, 8.61% in the Taita sample and 9.62% in the Mijikenda sample. In contrast, previous studies indicated frequencies of 31.0% in Asian and 9.2% in European samples. Ethnic differences among populations may underlie risk association in a complex disease such as diabetes because the interaction between genes and environment, influences many aspects of the phenotype. It is not yet clear whether the 16189C variant is associated with diabetes risk, and specifically in Asian populations. It may be a risk factor for diabetes among Asian populations, and perhaps in other populations, but the specific metabolic effects of this mutation must be identified before definitive conclusions can be reached. It appears that mtDNA mutation at position 16189C is not a risk factor for the development diabetes, at least in south eastern Kenyans. Urban lifestyle patterns seem to be more influential in the development of diabetes in Kenyan populations. Association studies between diabetes and the 16189C mutation in other ethnic groups are needed as well.
Duration : 0:10:15
Posted in Diabetes Mellitus | 
Tags: anthropology, diabetes, DNA, epidemiology, juan, kenya, mitochondrial, pablo, Physical | 
1 Comment »
Diabetes Patient Education Subcutaneous Injection
http://www.PreOp.com
Diabetes Patient Education
Subcutaneous Injection
The equipment you will need to assemble includes:
* a 1 ml. syringe with a 25 or 26 gauge capped needle between 5/8″ and 1 inch in length * the medication to be given * two alcohol wipes.Carefully, wash and dry your hands.
If your medication comes in a multi-dose vial,
clean the rubber diaphragm of the vial with an alcohol wipe. Discard the wipe into the trash.
Remove the cap from the needle. Pull down the plunger of the needle until the syringe contains the same volume of air as the medication you are going to give.
Hold the vial upside down at eye level. Without touching the needle, insert it through the diaphragm of the vial. Diabetes Patient Education
Keep the tip of the needle below the level of the medication in the vial. Depress the plunger to inject the air into the vial.
Slowly pull down on the plunger to take into the syringe the amount of medication prescribed for you.
Pull the needle out of the vial.
Hold the syringe vertically and flick the barrel with a fingernail to make any air bubbles float to the top under the needle. Diabetes Patient Education
Carefully, depress the plunger to push out the air until the first drop of medication comes out of the bevel of the needle.
Clean the injection site with an alcohol wipe. Start at the proposed site. Wipe in a circular motion, moving outward with each circle to prepare an area 2-3 inches in diameter around the injection site. Let the alcohol dry and discard the wipe into the trash.
Insert the needle through the skin at a 45� angle so that the tip of the needle is under the skin and above the muscle layer.
Gently pull back on the plunger to make sure the tip of the needle is not in a blood vessel … Diabetes Patient Education
… and then slowly inject the medication.
When all the medication is injected, pull the needle out. There is no need to use a band-aid, unless blood appears at the injection site.
Discard the syringe and attached needle into your puncture proof Sharps container. Do not recap the needle.
Wash and dry your hands.
If during the injection, blood does appear in the syringe when you pull the plunger back,
pull the needle out and discard the syringe, needle and medication into your Sharps container and start the whole process again.
Your doctor or nurse will advise you which areas of the body to use for your injections. The injection site should always be rotated so that consecutive injections are never given into the same area.
If you have very little fat under your skin, you can pinch the skin to form a tent, into which the injection can be given.
The needle is then inserted more vertically.
Diabetes Patient Education
Duration : 0:4:59
Diabetes Patient Education Subcutaneous Injection
http://www.PreOp.com
Diabetes Patient Education
Subcutaneous Injection
The equipment you will need to assemble includes:
* a 1 ml. syringe with a 25 or 26 gauge capped needle between 5/8″ and 1 inch in length * the medication to be given * two alcohol wipes.Carefully, wash and dry your hands.
If your medication comes in a multi-dose vial,
clean the rubber diaphragm of the vial with an alcohol wipe. Discard the wipe into the trash.
Remove the cap from the needle. Pull down the plunger of the needle until the syringe contains the same volume of air as the medication you are going to give.
Hold the vial upside down at eye level. Without touching the needle, insert it through the diaphragm of the vial. Diabetes Patient Education
Keep the tip of the needle below the level of the medication in the vial. Depress the plunger to inject the air into the vial.
Slowly pull down on the plunger to take into the syringe the amount of medication prescribed for you.
Pull the needle out of the vial.
Hold the syringe vertically and flick the barrel with a fingernail to make any air bubbles float to the top under the needle. Diabetes Patient Education
Carefully, depress the plunger to push out the air until the first drop of medication comes out of the bevel of the needle.
Clean the injection site with an alcohol wipe. Start at the proposed site. Wipe in a circular motion, moving outward with each circle to prepare an area 2-3 inches in diameter around the injection site. Let the alcohol dry and discard the wipe into the trash.
Insert the needle through the skin at a 45� angle so that the tip of the needle is under the skin and above the muscle layer.
Gently pull back on the plunger to make sure the tip of the needle is not in a blood vessel … Diabetes Patient Education
… and then slowly inject the medication.
When all the medication is injected, pull the needle out. There is no need to use a band-aid, unless blood appears at the injection site.
Discard the syringe and attached needle into your puncture proof Sharps container. Do not recap the needle.
Wash and dry your hands.
If during the injection, blood does appear in the syringe when you pull the plunger back,
pull the needle out and discard the syringe, needle and medication into your Sharps container and start the whole process again.
Your doctor or nurse will advise you which areas of the body to use for your injections. The injection site should always be rotated so that consecutive injections are never given into the same area.
If you have very little fat under your skin, you can pinch the skin to form a tent, into which the injection can be given.
The needle is then inserted more vertically.
Diabetes Patient Education
Duration : 0:4:59
Diabetes Patient Education Monitoring Blood Sugar
http://www.PreOp.com
Diabetes Patient Education
Monitoring and tightly controlling your blood sugar level
can significantly reduce the risk of complications due to diabetes and provide you with a higher quality of life.
Knowledge of your blood sugar levels at different times of the day is an essential input into your diabetes care plan and allows you and your medical team to work out and modify your plan for medication, diet and exercise.
The heart of the system to monitor your blood sugar is the blood glucose meter and the automatic lancing device used to obtain your blood sample.
There are many types of glucose meters with varying degrees of sophistication and abilities to store test results. Your doctor or nurse will recommend the type best for you.
You will need to be familiar with the manufacturer’s instructions for each unit. This program will provide you with general guidelines that apply to all units. The equipment you will need to assemble includes:
* the glucose testing meter,
* a packet of test strips,
* an automatic lancing device,
* and facial tissue.
Diabetes Patient Education
The meter will have a display with blood sugar readings are shown, an on/off power button and a slot into which the Test Strips are inserted. In the back of the meter will be a compartment for batteries.
The Automatic Lancing Device has three components: the body with a release button, lancet holder and cocking device, the removable end cap and a separate short lancet.
The first step is to code the meter to match or calibrate the meter to the reactivity of the Test Strip.
This is done by following the manufacturer’s instructions and matching a number on the meter’s display to a number on the Code Strip or on the test strip package.
Coding is done:
* whenever a new package of Test Strips is opened
* and daily to ensure the meter is coded correctly.
Diabetes Patient Education
In addition, a control test can be run:
* if you need to check that the whole system of the meter and the test strip is working correctly
* and to practice your good meter techniques.
* Follow the manufacturer’s instructions, which usually involves testing a control solution of sugar that is provided with the meter.
Wash your hands vigorously with soap and warm water. Rinse and dry thoroughly with a paper towel.
Remove the Test Strip from its individual package.
With the meter off, insert the correct end of the test strip into the test slot of the meter, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This usually turns the meter on.
Remove the end-cap from the lancing device.
Insert a short lancet into the lancet holder according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Twist off the protective cap and save it for the disposal of the used lancet.
Replace the end-cap. The depth of the puncture depends on the end-cap used.
Re-cock the lancing device.
Choose your puncture site. The sides of the end segment of the finger are the best sites. Stroke down the finger to push blood toward the puncture site.
Place the end-cap firmly against the chosen puncture site on the side of the fingertip. The more pressure you use, the deeper the puncture. Push the lancet release button without moving your finger or the device.Diabetes Patient Education
After the puncture, remove the lancing device. If a drop of blood does not form on its own, stroke down the finger toward the puncture site without going as far as the site itself.
Hold the tip of the test strip in the drop of blood until the meter tells you the test strip is filled, usually by beeping. Remove the test strip from the blood. Put the device and the strip aside until the reading is complete.
Wipe the puncture site with a clean, dry facial tissue and use the tissue to hold pressure on the puncture site until the bleeding stops.
Remove the end-cap from the lancing device and remove the used lancet.
Replace the used lancet back into the protective cap by pushing it into the open end of the cap which is placed on a firm, flat surface like a counter top.
Once the blood sugar reading on the meter is complete, use the tissue to grasp the test strip and pull it out of the meter. This usually turns the meter off.
Discard the lancet in its protective cover and the used strip into a glass or puncture-proof container with a screw top or a “Sharps” Container purchased from your local pharmacy. Replace the cap on the container. When the container is full, cap it and discard it into the trash.
* Clean the lancing device weekly according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
* Only use a lancet once.
* Do not use the same end-cap on another person.
* Teach another person to use the whole system so that you have a backup when you need assistance.
Diabetes Patient Education
Duration : 0:8:20